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BIOLOGY LECTURE ON NUCLEIC ACIDS

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 NUCLEIC ACIDS  [DNA &RNA] There are chromosomes in the nucleus of cell,which are thread like.They are visible only during cell division.Chromosomes are uncoiled in loose network called chromatin contains DNA,RNA,& PROTEINS.                                  DNA means DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID  RNA means RIBONUCLEIC ACID. DNA & RNA both are information storage devices of cell.These are two kinds of nucleic acids. DNA: It has special coded genetic programme with detailed & specific instructions for each organism heredity.[one gene one character passed to offspring]. Its model was proposed by WATSON & CRICK In 1953. It consists of linear polymers of repeating monomer subunits called nucleotides. Each nucleotide contains A PENTOSE SUGAR,A PHOSPHATE GROUP,NITROGENOUS BASE[PURINE or PYRIMIDINE] A ,G ,C,T SUGAR RIBOSE in RNA ...
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GENETIC ENGINEERING

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GENETIC ENGINEERING What is genetic engineering ? It is about the tools & technologies of molecular biology for cleaving & rejoining DNA SEQUENCES from two or more different organisms. These genetically modified DNA fragments are called as RECOMBINANT DNA molecules. APPLICATIONS OF GENETIC ENGINEERING 1. These can be cloned & amplified virtually to unlimited extent. 2. Application of DNA manipulation ranges from cloning genes to cloning organisms including  transgenic microbes,important crops & farm animals. 3. We can get modified food products, human gene products, medical products. 4. Hereditary diseases can be cured. 5. In forensic investigations.  DNA FINGERPRINTING  is a reliable technique for forensic investigation. Therefore GENETIC ENGINEERING is a kind of BIOTECHNOLOGY , alteration of genetic make up of cells by artificial means.                   ...
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ENZYMES,HORMONES & VITAMINS

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ENZYMES               ENZYMES are  true catalyst,  greatly enhance the rate of specific reaction that would otherwise occurs only very slowly.They cannot change the equilibrium point of reaction they promote nor they used up or permanently changed by these reactions.                             HOW ENZYMES WORKS ?- This phenomenon is also called as CATALYSIS . DNA in each cell has message for production of enzymes. Cell uses this information. ENZYMES retain their ability even after extraction from cell. They are synthesised by the living cell. Enzyme contain a non- protein part called PROSTHETIC GROUP . It is tightly bound to enzyme, some are metal compounds ex- iron-porphyrin complex of cytochrome .  For enzyme activity some organic compounds and inorganic ions are required. They are loosely bound to enzyme called CO-FACTORS . NAD  ...
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